The world of mental health is undeniably complex. Part of that complexity includes understanding the differences between various types of healthcare providers, like psychologists, therapists, and counselors.

In the simplest terms, psychologists research and diagnose mental conditions, while therapists and counselors offer emotional support to struggling patients. However, the differences do not stop there.

This guide will explore the educational pathways, responsibilities, and work settings that distinguish a psychologist vs. therapist vs. counselor.

Educational Requirements 

All three careers build on a foundation of specialized education and patient-facing courses in areas like:

• Psychology
• Sociology
• Neuroscience

However, the amount and level of education vary by profession.

Counselor Educational Requirements 

For counselors, academic requirements depend on the job. Non-mental health counselors, like those in schools, may only hold an associate’s or bachelor’s degree. Mental health counselors, such as addiction specialists, usually have a master’s degree.

Counselors often choose between two types of master’s programs:

• Master of Arts (MA): An MA focuses more on the human side of counseling. It emphasizes theoretical knowledge and person-to-person care, preparing individuals to work directly with clients in various stages of life.
• Master of Science (MS): An MS focuses on the logical aspects of counseling. It prioritizes research, evidence-backed practices, and data analysis.

Therapist Educational Requirements 

For therapists, the minimum requirement is usually a master’s degree. However, some therapists complete doctoral-level programs.

Therapists follow a similar academic path as counselors, but therapy students spend more time exploring mental health disorders and treatments. Common areas of study for aspiring therapists include:

• Social work
• Marriage and family therapy (MFT)
• Clinical psychology

Many aspiring therapists eventually become psychotherapists who offer specialized services depending on their area of training.

Psychologist Educational Requirements 

Psychologists diagnose and treat severe mental conditions, so the highest level of education is recommended. Most psychologists complete one of two programs:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): A PhD focuses more on the theoretical, research-driven side of mental health care and is offered by accredited Clinical Psychology graduate programs.
• Doctor of Psychology (PsyD): An accredited PsyD program emphasizes clinical practice and hands-on patient care, preparing psychologists for direct patient interactions.

Skill Sets 

Psychologists, counselors, and therapists all use a mix of hard and soft skills every day, including:

• Communication (verbal and written)
• Critical thinking
• Empathy
• Ethics

That said, each career calls for a slightly different set of skills, which is why clinical psychologists, counselors, and therapists develop different strengths throughout their academic and clinical training.

Counselor Skills 

Patients typically see counselors for guidance on a specific problem, such as grief, transition troubles, or relationship issues. As such, counselors must be:

• Adaptive
• Trustworthy
• Decisive (even with minimal information)

Therapist Skills

While therapists cannot offer diagnoses, they support patients with diagnosed conditions, helping them cope with various illnesses. A good therapist employs:

• Active listening
• Pattern identification
• Patience

Psychologist Skills

Psychologists pair the soft skills of a therapist with scientific expertise. Because they diagnose patient conditions and prescribe medication, psychologists possess a range of logic-based competencies. These include:

• Data analysis
• Research skills
• Decision-making

Patient Care and Setting

No matter where they work, all mental health specialists treat their patients with the same compassion. Still, each practitioner has a different approach to care:

• Therapists: Therapists are more likely to treat long-term patients, and often focus on past issues. Clients can be any age. Most therapists work in private practices, but some work in community clinics or hospitals, alongside counselors, social workers, or clinical psychologists.
• Counselors: Counselors provide short-term, solution-focused guidance for pressing issues. Many counselors work with younger patients in schools; others assist clients of all ages at nonprofits or addiction centers.
• Psychologists: Psychologists assess patients of any age for signs of complex mental health conditions. If you are wondering if clinical psychologists work in hospitals, some see patients at hospitals or private practices, while others conduct research at institutions. They collaborate with therapists or social workers, depending on the client’s needs.

Licensure and Certifications 

Along with an advanced degree, mental health professionals usually require a license. Licenses are awarded by certification boards and vary from state to state. They protect patients by ensuring ethical, legal practice.

Licensure for Therapists and Counselors 

To be eligible to practice as a therapist or counselor, you will need:¹

• A master’s degree
• A specific number of supervised hours (1,500: 4,000 hours)
• A passing grade on a licensing exam
• Approval from a state licensing board

The most common exams are the National Counselor Examination (NCE) or the National Clinical Mental Health Counselor Examination (NCMHCE).

Licensure for Psychologists

Psychologists are eligible to practice once they have:

• A doctoral degree (PhD in Clinical Psychology or PsyD in Clinical Psychology)
• A specific number of supervised hours (1,500-4,000 hours)
• A passing score on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP)
• Approval from a state licensing board

Choosing Between Becoming a Therapist vs. Psychologist vs. Counselor

If you are an advocate for mental health who is interested in helping others, any of these clinical psychology careers could suit you. However, choosing the right career for your goals and preferences is important.

With that in mind, take time to reflect on the following questions:

• Do you prefer research or hands-on clinical work?
• How much time can you dedicate to education?
• What type of clients or issues are you most passionate about?

If you want to work closely with patients and start coaching them as soon as possible, consider a career in therapy or counseling. These paths have fewer academic requirements and allow individuals to begin offering supportive services earlier.

Alternatively, if you prefer observation and analysis and can dedicate a few more years to your education, the psychologist path may be right for you.

Preparing for Graduate Study in Mental Health

Whichever path you choose, you will have to pursue higher education. Be sure to explore the curricula and supervised experience requirements of several accredited graduate programs before deciding on the best option for you.

Look for programs that emphasize real-world skill-building and research, like the clinical counseling master’s degree at Alliant University. Only an accredited program can effectively prepare you for a career in mental healthcare.

Take your first step toward a rewarding future by exploring the Clinical Psychology graduate programs at Alliant today.

Sources:

1. “Licensure Requirements for Professional Counselors.” American Counseling Association. https://www.counseling.org/resources/licensure-requirements. Accessed November 30, 2025.

The content of this page is only for informational purposes and is not intended, expressly or by implication, as a guarantee of employment or salary, which vary based on many factors including but not limited to education, credentials, and experience. Alliant International University explicitly makes no representations or guarantees about the accuracy of the information provided by any prospective employer or any other website. Salary information available on the internet may not reflect the typical experience of Alliant graduates. Alliant does not guarantee that any graduate will be placed with a particular employer or in any specific employment position.